Measuring trail users’ perception of crowding in a peri-urban nature park: A best-worst scaling experiment

This paper evaluates the perception of crowding, its determinants and relationship with trail users’ experience in a peri-urban nature park. Existing crowding surveys rely heavily on a single-item 9-point crowding scale which was originally developed for backcountry areas. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to test the validity and reliability of this measure in detecting crowding issues and formulating visitor capacity limits. Low validity and reliability raised concerns about the applicability of this scale in similar frontcountry areas. Inability of this simple crowding measure to detect a visitor threshold brings to the fore its another important limitation – ignorance of the complexity of crowding phenomenon. The perception of crowding varies with various social, psychological and situational factors, and a best-worst scaling (BWS) experiment was designed to simultaneously evaluate different aspects of crowding in the Medvednica Nature Park, a peri-urban nature park near Zagreb, Croatia. The findings of BWS experiment revealed that occupancy of mountain huts, number of other hikers on the trail and amount of litter along the trail on average contributed most to the trail users’ sense of crowding. A latent class analysis identified a large heterogeneity in the perception of crowding; while one group of trail users (63%) was more disturbed by the direct social impacts, the others (37%) were more disturbed by the secondary impacts of other visitors, especially by the negative externalities from road traffic in the park. Older visitors had a greater tendency to primarily associate crowding with the environmental conditions. A higher impact of trail use level in the perception of crowding, younger age and more frequent use were associated with a more negative evaluation of crowding. The park management should closely monitor road traffic in the park and visitor activity on highly used trails, especially on those popular among younger trail users.     

水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性

研究了水稻均衡营养肥对杂交稻生长发育的影响及养分吸收特性,以为精准施肥及秸秆还田养分循环利用提供必要的科学参数。结果表明,水稻均衡营养肥处理的株高、总粒数、实粒数、结实率、穗质量和产量均高于常规施肥处理,稻谷中的总钾、S~(6+)和Fe~(2+)含量均高于常规施肥处理,但总磷、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)的含量低于常规施肥处理,总氮含量则基本相同;常规施肥处理的秸秆中总氮、总钾、Mg~(2+)和S~(6+)含量均高于水稻均衡营养肥处理,总磷、Ca~(2+)和Fe~(2+)含量基本相同。均衡营养肥处理氮、磷、钾利用率分别为67.8%、60.0%和95.5%,农民常规施肥处理分别为32.3%、86.0%和100%。可见,水稻均衡营养肥能均衡的为杂交稻生长提供必需的养分,大幅度提高肥料利用率。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .     

盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发的影响

为探明盐胁迫对羽衣甘蓝种子萌发特性的影响，明确种子萌发期对盐胁迫的耐受能力，本试验以羽衣甘蓝种子为试验材料，研究不同浓度的NaCL（0、40、80、120、160、200mmol/l）和NaHCO（3 0、20、30、40、50、60mmol/l）对种子萌发胁迫的作用。结果表明:1、2 种盐胁迫处理下，羽衣甘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标均随着盐浓度的升高逐渐降低；2、高浓度的NaHCO³盐溶液对羽衣甘蓝种子的胚根、胚芽的生长抑制较NaCL 盐溶液显著；3、2 种盐     

家畜环境卫生学课程线上教学模式的研究

随着互联网信息技术发展和智能手机的普及,顺应时代发展的需要,线上教学成为未来高校教学活动开展一种必然途径。本文基于学习通和QQ群课堂平台构建了家畜环境卫生学课程的教学设计方案,并详细介绍了教学活动的实施办法,分析了线上教学面临的困难,并提出了相应对策,以期为高等学校线上教学改革提供参考。     

基于多源遥感数据的河套灌区干旱时空演变特征

利用中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CLDAS）验证了2015—2016年土壤水分主动-被动微波数据集（SMAP）在河套灌区的适用性，基于土壤水分亏缺指数（SWDI ）和干旱周百分比（PDW）分析了作物生育期内灌区农业干旱时空演变规律，通过两个参考指标检验了SWDI在河套灌区的精度。结果表明：（1）SMAP在河套灌区的适用性较好；区域尺度上，SMAP和CLDAS的相关系数为0.65；栅格尺度上，约有69%的栅格表现良好（R>0.5），且多集中在灌区西南部和东北部。（2）严重干旱主要发生在4月下旬到5月中旬、7月下旬到8月下旬以及9月中旬到10月中旬，主要集中在灌区的西南部、中部和东部；2015—2016年PDW值略有增大，干旱事件的持续时间有所延长。（3）大气水分亏缺量（AWD）表征的气象干旱在时间上显示2 a内灌区干旱月份为5—8月；空间上，除去地形原因，SWDI和AWD的相关性较为显著，且有一半格点通过了显著性水平为0.01的显著检验，表明基于SWDI对河套灌区进行干旱状况分析具有较高的可信度。     

异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制初步研究

对异硫氰酸丙烯酯毒杀松材线虫作用机制进行了初步研究。测定了其对线虫虫体形态、运动行为、体内总糖和蛋白质含量的影响,以及处理前后线虫体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性变化。结果表明:经异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理后的松材线虫虫体形态严重扭曲,运动形态出现由正常的S形变化为多节弯曲和螺旋状卷曲等异常状况,线虫行动随时间的推移变得迟缓,最终呈C形、新月形或直接死亡。随着异硫氰酸丙烯酯处理质量浓度的增大,线虫体内总糖和蛋白质含量显著上升,糖和蛋白质的代谢发生紊乱;线虫体内CAT、AChE和GST活性显著降低,且均低于对照组,表明线虫体内氧化和抗氧化作用失衡;细胞受到极大的影响,神经系统遭到破坏,解毒能力明显降低。研究结果可为研究利用异硫氰酸丙烯酯作为植物源杀线虫剂提供依据。     

第31届亚太植物保护委员会农药管理情况概述

本文概述了亚太区域植保委员会第31届大会的基本情况、有关农药管理的交流情况及农药管理执行委员会2020~2021的工作计划,并根据大会议题和我国生产实际,提出了几点建议:有必要协调亚太区域的安全科学用药,开展农药飞防施药技术培训,推动我国农药的出口;有必要加大以农药风险评估为核心的技术培训与输出,推动我国过剩产能走出去;有必要加强农药专业技术国际型人才的培养与输出,增强我国在国际组织中的影响力与话语权。     

不同保水剂对土壤特性及烤烟生长的影响

为提高秦巴山区黄棕壤烟田的土壤性能,减少季节性干旱对烤烟生长的影响,以不施保水剂为对照,在烟田整地起垄前分别施入聚丙烯酸钾(K-PAM)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和腐殖酸钾(KHm)3种保水剂,测定施用不同保水剂后的土壤容重、土壤水分和烤烟生长状况、常规化学成分及经济性状。结果表明,聚丙烯酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺保水剂均降低0～40cm土层土壤容重,在烤烟旺长期提高0～40cm土层土壤水分。不同保水剂均可提高烤烟常规化学成分含量,其中腐殖酸钾保水剂显著降低烤烟的糖碱比和氮碱比。聚丙烯酸钾保水剂提高烤烟的产量、产值、上等烟比例及净增产值,而聚丙烯酰胺和腐殖酸钾保水剂处理组则降低烤烟的净增产值。因此,建议秦巴山区黄棕壤烟田选用聚丙烯酸钾类保水剂。     

我国农业机械的推广与对策研究

新时期下，由于我国宣传推广的力度不够、当地基层群众综合素养不高、机械使用不当等原 因并没有形成使用农业机械进行耕作的习惯，在我国西南部、东南部等丘陵地带，仍然采用牛拉车等 较为落后的耕作方式，从而导致农业机械化带来的提高种植效率，本文目重点就我国的农业机械推广 存在的问题进行概述，并提出相关对策。